Vibrio
History:
During the 19th century ,cholera spread across the world wide.The current pandemic started in South Asian in 1961 after reached Africa in 1971and the America's in 1991.
Scientific classification
Domain:Bacteria
Phylum:pseudomonadota
Class:Gammproteobacteria
Order:vibrionales
Family:vibrionaceae
Genum:vibrio
Morphology:
* vibrio is a genus of gram negative curved bacilli.
*They are actively motile by means of polar flagellum.
*The name vibrio is derived from its characteristics vibratory motility
(From vibrare meaning 'to vibrate')
* vibrios are present in marine environments and surface waters worldwide.
*The most important member of the genus is vibrio cholerae.
* The vibrio cholerae is a short curved rods,about 1.5×0.2_0.4MU m.
*pleomorphism is common in old culture.
*In stained films of mucus flakes taken from acute cholerae cases,the vibrios are seen arranged in parallel rows this is described as a' Fish in a stream' appearance.
Classification:
Based on their requirement of sodium chloride, vibrios are classified as halophilic and non- halophilic .
*Halophilic: v.parahemolyticus ,v.alginolyticus,v.vulnificus.
*Non-halophilic: vibrio cholerae
Resistance:
* vibrio cholera are susceptible to heat,drying and acids but resist high alkalinity.
*They are killed at 55° c in 15 minutes.
*In clean tap water they survive for thirty days .
* In untreated soil,they may survive for several days.
* On fruits, they survive for 1-5 days at room temperature and for a week in the refrigerator.
*vibrio cholera killed in gastric juice with in few minutes.
Symptoms:
* high fever
* weight loss
*feeling of nausea
* bloating in the belly
*blood pressure becomes low
Adapted from: public health notes.com
Pathogenesis:
* The vibrio cholera remain in the gut and does not multiply into the blood stream.
*It adheres to the mucosa of the small intestines by both outer membrane protein and flagella adhesions.
*vibrio cholera produces enterotoxin that causes excessive fluid and electrolyte loss.
*sodium chloride aborsorption is inhibited and therefore excreted resulting in water ,sodium chloride and potassium bicarbonate loss.
Lab diagnosis:
Specimen collection and transport
* Stool specimens suspected of containing vibrio species should be collected and transported only in the cairy Blair medium.
*Buffered glycerol medium is not acceptable because in vibrio glycerol is toxic.
*Feces is preferable ,but rectal swabs are acceptable during the acute phase of diarrheal illness.
Direct Detection Method
*vibrio cholera toxin can be detected in stool using an enzyme linked assay (ELISA)or latex agglutination test.
* when stool specimens are examined using a dark field microscopy , the bacilli exhibit characteristics rapid darting ( or) shooting star motility
Treatment:
* Rehydration
- IV lactated Ringer's ( L R)
-ORS : by mouth (or) by N G tube
-Zinc supplement
* Antibiotics
Adults : Deoxycycline 300 mg PO×1
Children or pregnant women: TMP-SMX ×3 days
Adapted from: Hind pharma
Prevention:
*Drink boiled water.
* Avoid consumption of raw foods.
*Avoid dairy products as much as possible .
*Wash your hands with soap.
* Wash fruits and vegetables before you eat.
* Drink plenty of water.
References :
1. Ananthanarayan and Paniker's textbook of microbiology
2.vibrio A presentation by Dr ALPANA VERMA International medical and Technological University, Tanzania
3.cholera By JAMES NYIRENDA
Anthrax - Scientific weapon In War
INTRODUCTION: In September: 11 2001, out breaks terrorist attacked by the support of biological warfare, Caused d by anthrax gram positive Bacillus cutaneous, Inhalations of spore and Gastrointestinal anthrax, by encapsulated, spore bearing organism
Scientific name: Bacillus anthracis
Rank: Species
Phylum: firmicutes
Domain: Bacteria
family :bacillaceae
order: Bacillales
Vaccine works,20may 2022
Bubonic plague commonly called as black death, At During the deca
de if a Person is effected with Anthrax he has to be burried, a great fall of the population of the Europe. The Rhone River is the evidence about the plaque, was a grave yard for the plaque victim island.
In 1941, the Legacy of Gruinard island The experiment Land for the british where they first tried of anthrax biological weapons
against the European countries,the land was highly contaminated by anthrax spores is strictly prohibited.
By, Thomas Newdick, November 26,2020
epidemiology: Anthrax, it is primarily effect the cattle goats, sheeps. causative agent is gram positive bacillus anthracis,world wide had adverse,outbreak in 2001 of North dakows by the Skin touch followed by result in cutaneous anthrax or by the accidental inhalation of spore or injections extensive hemorrhage and accomplished skin lesions bloody stools.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION : By the spore spread of aerosol, In the form of microscopic droplets of widespread. It is Diagnosis by the testing pus collected from cutaneous lesions blood and cerebro-spinal fluid for blood stream invasion meningoencephalitis.
Source,mertin ERBEK,28 February 2017
MICROSCOPY STUDY:It shows the gram positive bacilliu These Spores take up polychrome methelyne the amorphous purplish material blue for few seconds, amorphous purplish material is found around the bacilli for the fat gloubles Sudan black B stain is suitable.
CULTURE : can be grown on agar plates
Providing optimal temperature 12-45c. its highly hazardous should not be followed in the laboratory, because it consists infectious spores.
CDC centre for disease, control and prevention
TREATMENT
Guidelines lines For this identification after bio-terroism threat CDC centres for Disease Control of prevention (CDC),

IMMUNIZATION AVA Anthrax vaccine absorbed Licensed vaccine for human use,
pre-exposure and post exposure schedule. of vaccine is followed
CONCLUSION: The black death, plaque haus, Swept the population, A minute spore transformed and used bio weapon [Biofare] in the war Is there any other bioweapon other than anthrax bacillus?
REFERENCE:
(I) fundamental of microbiology.EdwardAlcomo,PhD
Publisher,Jones and Bartlett, Sudbury,Massachusetts
(II)Anantha Narayana and panikers 12 edition, editor Reba kanungo